The energetic cost of activation in mouse fast-twitch muscle is the same whether measured using reduced filament overlap or N-benzyl-p-toluenesulphonamide

Aim: Force generation and transmembrane ion pumping account for the majority of energy expended by contracting skeletal muscles. Energy turnover for ion pumping, activation energy turnover (E_A), can be determined by measuring the energy turnover when force generation has been inhibited. Most measurements show that activation accounts for 25–40% of isometric energy turnover. It was recently reported that when force generation in mouse fast‐twitch muscle was inhibited using N‐benzyl‐p‐toluenesulphonamide (BTS), activation accounted for as much as 80% of total energy turnover during submaximal contractions. The purpose of this study was to compare E_A measured by inhibiting force generation by: (1) the conventional method of reducing contractile filament overlap; and (2) pharmacological inhibition using BTS. Methods: Experiments were performed in vitro using bundles of fibres from mouse fast‐twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. Energy turnover was quantified by measuring the heat produced during 1‐s maximal and submaximal tetanic contractions at 20 and 30 °C. Results: E _A measured using reduced filament overlap was 0.36 ± 0.04 (n = 8) at 20 °C and 0.31 ± 0.05 (n = 6) at 30 °C. The corresponding values measured using BTS in maximal contractions were 0.46 ± 0.06 and 0.38 ± 0.06 (n = 6 in both cases). There were no significant differences among these values. E_A was also no different when measured using BTS in submaximal contractions. Conclusion: Activation energy turnover is the same whether measured using BTS or reduced filament overlap and accounts for slightly more than one‐third of isometric energy turnover in mouse EDL muscle.     

Effect of force development on contraction induced glucose transport in fast twitch rat muscle

A previous study has shown that in fast twitch frog sartorius muscle contraction stimulated glucose transport depends only on stimulation frequency and not on workload. In contrast, we have recently shown that in rat slow twitch muscle stimulated to contract at constant frequency, glucose transport varies directly with force development and, in turn, metabolism. The present study was carried out to clarify whether the discrepancy between the earlier studies reflected differences in physiological behaviour between fast and slow twitch muscle. We investigated the effect of force development on glucose transport in incubated fast twitch rat flexor digitorum brevis (rich in type 2a fibres) and epitrochlearis (rich in type 2b fibres) muscle. Muscles were electrically stimulated to perform repeated tetanic contractions at 1 Hz for 10 min. Resting length was adjusted to achieve either no force or maximum force. Glucose transport (2‐deoxyglucose uptake) increased when force was produced compared with when it was not (P < 0.05) in both flexor digitorum brevis (19 ± 7 (basal), 163 ± 14 (no force) and 242 ± 17 (max force) nmol × g^–1 × 5 min^–1) and epitrochlearis (60 ± 4 (basal), 100 ± 7 (no force) and 125 ± 6 (max force) nmol × g^–1 × 5 min^–1). In both muscles glucose transport increased in parallel with metabolic rate, as reflected by muscle lactate concentrations and 5′ AMP‐activated protein kinase activity, during contractions. In conclusion, as previously shown for rat soleus muscle, at a given stimulation frequency glucose transport varies directly with force development in rat flexor digitorum brevis and epitrochlearis muscle. Accordingly, force development enhances glucose transport in all mammalian muscle fibre types. The influence of force development probably reflects effects of enhanced 5′ AMP‐activated protein kinase activity resulting from reduced intra‐cellular energy status and pH.     

快速血糖检测仪进行床旁检测的现状分析与对策

目的　调查使用快速血糖仪的现状及存在问题 ,探讨其解决方法。方法　通过调查 ,了解所使用的快速血糖仪的品牌、操作人员的现状、培训方法、质量控制等。结果　目前使用的快速血糖仪品牌混杂 ,操作人员多为非专业人员 ,质量控制方法也不完善。结论　为了发挥快速血糖仪的优点 ,保证结果的准确性及可比性 ,同一医院应尽可能使用同一品牌的快速血糖仪 ,对操作人员进行有效的专业培训 ,在日常工作中采取有效的质量保证措施     

南充市1995～2007年艾滋病流行特征及趋势分析

目的 探索南充市艾滋病流行趋势与流行特征，为制订防制对策提供科学依据。方法收集并核实发现的艾滋病病毒／获得性免役缺陷综合征（HIV／AIDS）病例和近年HIV监测结果，进行统计分析。结果自1995年首次发现HIV感染者13年来，共发现HIV／AIDS病例233例，死亡39例，近三年发现病例数占75．97％，死亡病例数占66．67％，地区分布以顺庆、高坪和嘉陵三区为多占65．67％；年龄以49岁以下年龄组为多占92．27％；职业以无业和农民为多，分别占38．63％和33．91％；发现方式以主动发现为主占77．25％；HIV检测以吸毒者阳性率为高（3．00％）。结论南充市艾滋病流行正处在快速增长期，以每年32．01％的速度递增，已进入AIDS高发病和高死亡阶段。     

快通道外科理念在手术室护理中的应用

快通道外科(fast-track surgery,FTS)涉及外科手术的方方面面,显著改变了多种疾病的临床诊治模式。FTS在手术室护理工作中的应用需要护士改变观念,突破固化思维,从术前沟通、术中护理、术后回访等各个流程进行有效科学的护理实践,促进患者快速恢复。     

Value of contrast enhanced spoiled gradient (SPGR) MR and MIP MR imaging in diagnosis of peri-anal fistula

Purpose

To assess the value of the combination of contrast enhanced T1 spoiled gradient (SPGR) MR and maximum intensity projection (MIP) MR imaging in the complete pre-operative evaluation of peri-anal fistula.

Patients and methods

This prospective study contained 28 patients with clinical diagnosis of peri-anal fistula, they were performed MRI using the following sequences in both axial and coronal planes: Pre contrast T2FSE, T1FSE and Post contrast SPGR. MIP reformated images were done using the SPGR sequence. Fistulas were classified according to Parks (6) classification, they were evaluated regarding site, type, extensions, complications and diagnostic accuracy of each sequence. Our findings were correlated with operative findings.

Results

Fourteen patients had inter-sphincteric fistulas (50%), 8 patients had trans-sphincteric fistulas (28.6%) and 6 patients had supra-sphincteric fistulas (21.4%). Simple non branching tracts were found in 22 patients, branching tracts in 6 patients, abscess cavity in 5 patients, horseshoe extension in 4 patients. Overall diagnostic accuracy of post contrast T1 SPGR was 97.3% and MIP MR imaging was 100%. Post contrast T1 SPGR accurately evaluated all patients but missed one faint horseshoe extension and other fine para anal branches. MIP imaging accurately evaluated all the extensions and ramifications but was poor in depth orientation.

Conclusion

MRI is a reliable diagnostic modality in the evaluation of peri-anal fistulas. Post contrast T1 SPGR sequence with its high resolution images and excellent anatomical orientation provides almost all the necessary details for accurate evaluation. Although MIP images lack depth orientation their high sensitivity, rotational 2D and 3D capabilities exquisitely depict all the fine ramifications and extensions. The combination of both provides complete evaluation and highest possible diagnostic accuracy aiding successful surgical interventions, aiming to reduce complications and recurrences.     

医护一体化护理干预促进肝癌患者快速康复的效果

目的探讨医护一体化护理干预促进肝癌患者快速康复的临床效果。方法 2015年7-12月,采用便利抽样法选取新疆某三级甲等医院实施肝部分切除手术的83例肝癌患者。按患者入院先后将其分为观察组和对照组,观察组40例,围术期行在医护一体化模式下的快速康复外科护理干预;对照组43例,围术期给予常规方法护理。比较两组患者术后下床时间、首次排气时间、术后进普食时间、术后住院时间及住院费用等情况。结果观察组患者术后下床时间、首次排气时间、术后进普食时间、术后住院时间及住院费用等方面均短于或少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论医护一体化模式下护理干预能够促进医护人员的沟通合作,提升护理服务质量,从而促进患者术后快速康复,提高患者满意度。